πνέω
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- πνείω (pneíō) — Poetic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-. Cognates include Old English fnēosan (English sneeze).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /pné.ɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈpne.o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈpne.o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈpne.o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈpne.o/
Verb
πνέω • (pnéō)
- to blow
- 400 BCE – 300 BCE, Mnesimachus, Collected Works 4.57
- New Testament, Acts of the Apostles 27:40
- ante 177 CE, Pollux, Onomasticon 4.72
- to breathe
- ante 177 CE, Pollux, Onomasticon 2.75
- (with accusative) to breathe out
- breathe in, smell
- (of perceptible breathing)
- to breathe, live
- Simm. 25.12
- (figuratively, with cognate accusative) to breathe forth
- to speak
Inflection
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | πνέω | πνεῖς | πνεῖ | πνεῖτον | πνεῖτον | πνέομεν | πνεῖτε | πνέουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | πνέω | πνέῃς | πνέῃ | πνέητον | πνέητον | πνέωμεν | πνέητε | πνέωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | πνέοιμῐ | πνέοις | πνέοι | πνέοιτον | πνεοίτην | πνέοιμεν | πνέοιτε | πνέοιεν | |||||
| imperative | πνεῖ | πνείτω | πνεῖτον | πνείτων | πνεῖτε | πνεόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | πνέομαι | πνέῃ, πνεῖ |
πνεῖται | πνεῖσθον | πνεῖσθον | πνεόμεθᾰ | πνεῖσθε | πνέονται | ||||
| subjunctive | πνέωμαι | πνέῃ | πνέηται | πνέησθον | πνέησθον | πνεώμεθᾰ | πνέησθε | πνέωνται | |||||
| optative | πνεοίμην | πνέοιο | πνέοιτο | πνέοισθον | πνεοίσθην | πνεοίμεθᾰ | πνέοισθε | πνέοιντο | |||||
| imperative | πνέου | πνείσθω | πνεῖσθον | πνείσθων | πνεῖσθε | πνεέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | πνεῖν | πνεῖσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | πνέων | πνεόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | πνέουσᾰ | πνεομένη | |||||||||||
| n | πνέον | πνεόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Imperfect: ἔπνεον (Contracted only in -ει-)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔπνεον | ἔπνεις | ἔπνει | ἐπνεῖτον | ἐπνείτην | ἐπνέομεν | ἐπνεῖτε | ἔπνεον | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Future: πνεύσομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle | indicative | πνεύσομαι | πνεύσῃ, πνεύσει |
πνεύσεται | πνεύσεσθον | πνεύσεσθον | πνευσόμεθᾰ | πνεύσεσθε | πνεύσονται | ||||
| optative | πνευσοίμην | πνεύσοιο | πνεύσοιτο | πνεύσοισθον | πνευσοίσθην | πνευσοίμεθᾰ | πνεύσοισθε | πνεύσοιντο | |||||
| middle | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | πνεύσεσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | πνευσόμενος | |||||||||||
| f | πνευσομένη | ||||||||||||
| n | πνευσόμενον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Future: πνευσέομαι (Uncontracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle | indicative | πνευσέομαι | πνευσέῃ, πνευσέει |
πνευσέεται | πνευσέεσθον | πνευσέεσθον | πνευσεόμεθᾰ | πνευσέεσθε | πνευσέονται | ||||
| optative | πνευσεοίμην | πνευσέοιο | πνευσέοιτο | πνευσέοισθον | πνευσεοίσθην | πνευσεοίμεθᾰ | πνευσέοισθε | πνευσέοιντο | |||||
| middle | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | πνευσέεσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | πνευσεόμενος | |||||||||||
| f | πνευσεομένη | ||||||||||||
| n | πνευσεόμενον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Future: πνευσοῦμαι (Contracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle | indicative | πνευσοῦμαι | πνευσῇ | πνευσεῖται | πνευσεῖσθον | πνευσεῖσθον | πνευσούμεθᾰ | πνευσεῖσθε | πνευσοῦνται | ||||
| optative | πνευσοίμην | πνευσοῖο | πνευσοῖτο | πνευσοῖσθον | πνευσοίσθην | πνευσοίμεθᾰ | πνευσοῖσθε | πνευσοῖντο | |||||
| middle | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | πνευσεῖσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | πνευσούμενος | |||||||||||
| f | πνευσουμένη | ||||||||||||
| n | πνευσούμενον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔπνευσᾰ | ἔπνευσᾰς | ἔπνευσε(ν) | ἐπνεύσᾰτον | ἐπνευσᾰ́την | ἐπνεύσᾰμεν | ἐπνεύσᾰτε | ἔπνευσᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | πνεύσω | πνεύσῃς | πνεύσῃ | πνεύσητον | πνεύσητον | πνεύσωμεν | πνεύσητε | πνεύσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | πνεύσαιμῐ | πνεύσειᾰς, πνεύσαις |
πνεύσειε(ν), πνεύσαι |
πνεύσαιτον | πνευσαίτην | πνεύσαιμεν | πνεύσαιτε | πνεύσειᾰν, πνεύσαιεν | |||||
| imperative | πνεῦσον | πνευσᾰ́τω | πνεύσᾰτον | πνευσᾰ́των | πνεύσᾰτε | πνευσᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| passive | indicative | ἐπνεύσθην | ἐπνεύσθης | ἐπνεύσθη | ἐπνεύσθητον | ἐπνευσθήτην | ἐπνεύσθημεν | ἐπνεύσθητε | ἐπνεύσθησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | πνευσθῶ | πνευσθῇς | πνευσθῇ | πνευσθῆτον | πνευσθῆτον | πνευσθῶμεν | πνευσθῆτε | πνευσθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | πνευσθείην | πνευσθείης | πνευσθείη | πνευσθεῖτον, πνευσθείητον |
πνευσθείτην, πνευσθειήτην |
πνευσθεῖμεν, πνευσθείημεν |
πνευσθεῖτε, πνευσθείητε |
πνευσθεῖεν, πνευσθείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | πνεύσθητῐ | πνευσθήτω | πνεύσθητον | πνευσθήτων | πνεύσθητε | πνευσθέντων | |||||||
| active | passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | πνεῦσαι | πνευσθῆναι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | πνεύσᾱς | πνευσθείς | ||||||||||
| f | πνεύσᾱσᾰ | πνευσθεῖσᾰ | |||||||||||
| n | πνεῦσᾰν | πνευσθέν | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | πέπνευκᾰ | πέπνευκᾰς | πέπνευκε(ν) | πεπνεύκᾰτον | πεπνεύκᾰτον | πεπνεύκᾰμεν | πεπνεύκᾰτε | πεπνεύκᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | πεπνεύκω | πεπνεύκῃς | πεπνεύκῃ | πεπνεύκητον | πεπνεύκητον | πεπνεύκωμεν | πεπνεύκητε | πεπνεύκωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | πεπνεύκοιμῐ, πεπνευκοίην |
πεπνεύκοις, πεπνευκοίης |
πεπνεύκοι, πεπνευκοίη |
πεπνεύκοιτον | πεπνευκοίτην | πεπνεύκοιμεν | πεπνεύκοιτε | πεπνεύκοιεν | |||||
| imperative | πέπνευκε | πεπνευκέτω | πεπνεύκετον | πεπνευκέτων | πεπνεύκετε | πεπνευκόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | πέπνῡμαι | πέπνῡσαι | πέπνῡται | πέπνῡσθον | πέπνῡσθον | πεπνῡ́μεθᾰ | πέπνῡσθε | πέπνῡνται | ||||
| subjunctive | πεπνῡμένος ὦ | πεπνῡμένος ᾖς | πεπνῡμένος ᾖ | πεπνῡμένω ἦτον | πεπνῡμένω ἦτον | πεπνῡμένοι ὦμεν | πεπνῡμένοι ἦτε | πεπνῡμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | πεπνῡμένος εἴην | πεπνῡμένος εἴης | πεπνῡμένος εἴη | πεπνῡμένω εἴητον/εἶτον | πεπνῡμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην | πεπνῡμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν | πεπνῡμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε | πεπνῡμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν | |||||
| imperative | πέπνῡσο | πεπνῡ́σθω | πέπνῡσθον | πεπνῡ́σθων | πέπνῡσθε | πεπνῡ́σθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | πεπνευκέναι | πεπνῦσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | πεπνευκώς | πεπνῡμένος | ||||||||||
| f | πεπνευκυῖᾰ | πεπνῡμένη | |||||||||||
| n | πεπνευκός | πεπνῡμένον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Synonyms
- ψύχω (psúkhō)
Derived terms
- ἀντῐπνέω (antipnéō)
- ἀνᾰπνέω (anapnéō)
- ἄπνευστος (ápneustos)
- ἀποπνέω (apopnéō)
- δῐᾰπνέω (diapnéō)
- εἰσπνέω (eispnéō)
- ἐκπνέω (ekpnéō)
- ἐμπνέω (empnéō)
- ἐπῐπνέω (epipnéō)
- ἡδῠ́πνευστος (hēdúpneustos)
- ἡδῠ́πνοος (hēdúpnoos)
- θεόπνευστος (theópneustos)
- κᾰτᾰπνέω (katapnéō)
- μετᾰπνέω (metapnéō)
- νεόπνευστος (neópneustos)
- περιπνέω (peripnéō)
- πνευμόρρωξ (pneumórrhōx)
- προσπνέω (prospnéō)
- πᾰρᾰπνέω (parapnéō)
- πῠρίπνευστος (purípneustos)
- σῠμπνέω (sumpnéō)
- ὑπερπνέω (huperpnéō)
- ὑποπνέω (hupopnéō)
Related terms
Descendants
- Greek: πνέω (pnéo)
References
- “πνέω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πνέω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “πνέω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- πνέω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- πνέω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “πνέω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G4154 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek πνέω (pnéō).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpne.o/
- Hyphenation: πνέ‧ω
Conjugation
πνέω (active forms only)
| Active voice ➤ | ||||
| Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | ||
| Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | ||
| 1 sg | πνέω | πνεύσω | ||
| 2 sg | πνέεις | πνεύσεις | ||
| 3 sg | πνέει | πνεύσει | ||
| 1 pl | πνέουμε, [‑ομε] | πνεύσουμε, [‑ομε] | ||
| 2 pl | πνέετε | πνεύσετε | ||
| 3 pl | πνέουν(ε) | πνεύσουν(ε) | ||
| Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | ||
| 1 sg | έπνεα | έπνευσα | ||
| 2 sg | έπνεες | έπνευσες | ||
| 3 sg | έπνεε | έπνευσε | ||
| 1 pl | πνέαμε | πνεύσαμε | ||
| 2 pl | πνέατε | πνεύσατε | ||
| 3 pl | έπνεαν, πνέαν(ε) | έπνευσαν, πνεύσαν(ε) | ||
| Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | ||
| 1 sg | θα πνέω ➤ | θα πνεύσω ➤ | ||
| 2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα πνέεις, … | θα πνεύσεις, … | ||
| Perfect aspect ➤ | ||||
| Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … πνεύσει | |||
| Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … πνεύσει | |||
| Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … πνεύσει | |||
| Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
| Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | ||
| 2 sg | πνέε | πνεύσε | ||
| 2 pl | πνέετε | πνεύστε | ||
| Other forms | ||||
| Active present participle ➤ | πνέοντας ➤ | |||
| Active perfect participle ➤ | έχοντας πνεύσει ➤ | |||
| Passive perfect participle ➤ | — | |||
| Nonfinite form ➤ | πνεύσει | |||
| Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
• (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Derived terms
Related terms
From stems πνε-, πνευσ-, πνευμ- and πνο-
- απνευστί (apnefstí, “without stopping”, adverb)
- άπνοια f (ápnoia, “stillness; without breath”)
- δύσπνοια f (dýspnoia, “dyspnoea, breathlessness”)
- δυσπνοϊκός (dyspnoïkós, “suffering from breathlessness”)
- θεόπνευστος (theópnefstos, “inspired by God”)
- μακρόπνοος (makrópnoos, “far-reaching”)
- μεγαλόπνευστος (megalópnefstos, “of high inspiration”)
- ξέπνοος (xépnoos, “breathless”)
- πνεύμα n (pnévma, “spirit”) & related
- πνεύμονας m (pnévmonas, “lung”) & related
- πνευστά n pl (pnefstá, “wind instruments”) (music)
- πνευστός (pnefstós, “functioning with air”)
- πνοή f (pnoḯ, “breath; breeze”) & related
- σύμπνοια f (sýmpnoia)
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