σπάω
Ancient Greek
    
    Alternative forms
    
- σπᾰ́ζω (spázō)
 
Etymology
    
Klingenschmitt has connected the Greek verb with Old Armenian հանեմ (hanem, “to draw or pull out”), while García-Ramón suggests that is cognate with Hittite [script needed] (pippa-) and reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *(s)peh₂- (“to draw, set in motion”).
Pronunciation
    
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /spá.ɔː/
 - (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈspa.o/
 - (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈspa.o/
 - (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈspa.o/
 - (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈspa.o/
 
Verb
    
σπᾰ́ω • (spáō)
- to draw a sword
 - (of other things) to draw
 - (of violent actions) to pluck off or out
 - to tear, rend, especially of ravenous animals
 - to wrench, sprain, twist
 - to snatch, tear or drag away
 - (figuratively) to carry away, draw aside
 - to cause convulsion or spasm
 - to draw in, suck in, involve
 - to draw tight, pull the reins
 - to derive
 
Inflection
    
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | σπᾰ́ω | σπᾰ́εις | σπᾰ́ει | σπᾰ́ετον | σπᾰ́ετον | σπᾰ́ομεν | σπᾰ́ετε | σπᾰ́ουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | σπᾰ́ω | σπᾰ́ῃς | σπᾰ́ῃ | σπᾰ́ητον | σπᾰ́ητον | σπᾰ́ωμεν | σπᾰ́ητε | σπᾰ́ωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | σπᾰ́οιμῐ | σπᾰ́οις | σπᾰ́οι | σπᾰ́οιτον | σπᾰοίτην | σπᾰ́οιμεν | σπᾰ́οιτε | σπᾰ́οιεν | |||||
| imperative | σπᾰ́ε | σπᾰέτω | σπᾰ́ετον | σπᾰέτων | σπᾰ́ετε | σπᾰόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive  | 
indicative | σπᾰ́ομαι | σπᾰ́ῃ, σπᾰ́ει  | 
σπᾰ́εται | σπᾰ́εσθον | σπᾰ́εσθον | σπᾰόμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́εσθε | σπᾰ́ονται | ||||
| subjunctive | σπᾰ́ωμαι | σπᾰ́ῃ | σπᾰ́ηται | σπᾰ́ησθον | σπᾰ́ησθον | σπᾰώμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́ησθε | σπᾰ́ωνται | |||||
| optative | σπᾰοίμην | σπᾰ́οιο | σπᾰ́οιτο | σπᾰ́οισθον | σπᾰοίσθην | σπᾰοίμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́οισθε | σπᾰ́οιντο | |||||
| imperative | σπᾰ́ου | σπᾰέσθω | σπᾰ́εσθον | σπᾰέσθων | σπᾰ́εσθε | σπᾰέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | σπᾰ́ειν | σπᾰ́εσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | σπᾰ́ων | σπᾰόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | σπᾰ́ουσᾰ | σπᾰομένη | |||||||||||
| n | σπᾰ́ον | σπᾰόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
   Present: σπῶ, σπῶμαι (Contracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | σπῶ | σπᾷς | σπᾷ | σπᾶτον | σπᾶτον | σπῶμεν | σπᾶτε | σπῶσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | σπῶ | σπᾷς | σπᾷ | σπᾶτον | σπᾶτον | σπῶμεν | σπᾶτε | σπῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | σπῴην, σπῷμῐ  | 
σπῴης, σπῷς  | 
σπῴη, σπῷ  | 
σπῷτον, σπῴητον  | 
σπῴτην, σπῳήτην  | 
σπῷμεν, σπῴημεν  | 
σπῷτε, σπῴητε  | 
σπῷεν, σπῴησᾰν  | |||||
| imperative | σπᾶ | σπᾱ́τω | σπᾶτον | σπᾱ́των | σπᾶτε | σπώντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive  | 
indicative | σπῶμαι | σπᾷ | σπᾶται | σπᾶσθον | σπᾶσθον | σπώμεθᾰ | σπᾶσθε | σπῶνται | ||||
| subjunctive | σπῶμαι | σπᾷ | σπᾶται | σπᾶσθον | σπᾶσθον | σπώμεθᾰ | σπᾶσθε | σπῶνται | |||||
| optative | σπῴμην | σπῷο | σπῷτο | σπῷσθον | σπῴσθην | σπῴμεθᾰ | σπῷσθε | σπῷντο | |||||
| imperative | σπῶ | σπᾱ́σθω | σπᾶσθον | σπᾱ́σθων | σπᾶσθε | σπᾱ́σθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | σπᾶν | σπᾶσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | σπῶν | σπώμενος | ||||||||||
| f | σπῶσᾰ | σπωμένη | |||||||||||
| n | σπῶν | σπώμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
   Imperfect: ἔσπᾰον, ἐσπᾰόμην (Uncontracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔσπᾰον | ἔσπᾰες | ἔσπᾰε(ν) | ἐσπᾰ́ετον | ἐσπᾰέτην | ἐσπᾰ́ομεν | ἐσπᾰ́ετε | ἔσπᾰον | ||||
| middle/ passive  | 
indicative | ἐσπᾰόμην | ἐσπᾰ́ου | ἐσπᾰ́ετο | ἐσπᾰ́εσθον | ἐσπᾰέσθην | ἐσπᾰόμεθᾰ | ἐσπᾰ́εσθε | ἐσπᾰ́οντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
   Imperfect: ἔσπων, ἐσπώμην (Contracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔσπων | ἔσπᾱς | ἔσπᾱ | ἐσπᾶτον | ἐσπᾱ́την | ἐσπῶμεν | ἐσπᾶτε | ἔσπων | ||||
| middle/ passive  | 
indicative | ἐσπώμην | ἐσπῶ | ἐσπᾶτο | ἐσπᾶσθον | ἐσπᾱ́σθην | ἐσπώμεθᾰ | ἐσπᾶσθε | ἐσπῶντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
   Future: σπᾰ́σω, σπᾰ́σομαι 
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | σπᾰ́σω | σπᾰ́σεις | σπᾰ́σει | σπᾰ́σετον | σπᾰ́σετον | σπᾰ́σομεν | σπᾰ́σετε | σπᾰ́σουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | σπᾰ́σοιμῐ | σπᾰ́σοις | σπᾰ́σοι | σπᾰ́σοιτον | σπᾰσοίτην | σπᾰ́σοιμεν | σπᾰ́σοιτε | σπᾰ́σοιεν | |||||
| middle | indicative | σπᾰ́σομαι | σπᾰ́σῃ, σπᾰ́σει  | 
σπᾰ́σεται | σπᾰ́σεσθον | σπᾰ́σεσθον | σπᾰσόμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́σεσθε | σπᾰ́σονται | ||||
| optative | σπᾰσοίμην | σπᾰ́σοιο | σπᾰ́σοιτο | σπᾰ́σοισθον | σπᾰσοίσθην | σπᾰσοίμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́σοισθε | σπᾰ́σοιντο | |||||
| active | middle | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | σπᾰ́σειν | σπᾰ́σεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | σπᾰ́σων | σπᾰσόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | σπᾰ́σουσᾰ | σπᾰσομένη | |||||||||||
| n | σπᾰ́σον | σπᾰσόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
   Aorist: ἔσᾰσᾰ, ἐσᾰσᾰ́μην 
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔσᾰσᾰ | ἔσᾰσᾰς | ἔσᾰσε(ν) | ἐσᾰ́σᾰτον | ἐσᾰσᾰ́την | ἐσᾰ́σᾰμεν | ἐσᾰ́σᾰτε | ἔσᾰσᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | σπᾰ́σω | σπᾰ́σῃς | σπᾰ́σῃ | σπᾰ́σητον | σπᾰ́σητον | σπᾰ́σωμεν | σπᾰ́σητε | σπᾰ́σωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | σπᾰ́σαιμῐ | σπᾰ́σειᾰς, σπᾰ́σαις  | 
σπᾰ́σειε(ν), σπᾰ́σαι  | 
σπᾰ́σαιτον | σπᾰσαίτην | σπᾰ́σαιμεν | σπᾰ́σαιτε | σπᾰ́σειᾰν, σπᾰ́σαιεν  | |||||
| imperative | σπᾰ́σον | σπᾰσᾰ́τω | σπᾰ́σᾰτον | σπᾰσᾰ́των | σπᾰ́σᾰτε | σπᾰσᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ἐσᾰσᾰ́μην | ἐσᾰ́σω | ἐσᾰ́σᾰτο | ἐσᾰ́σᾰσθον | ἐσᾰσᾰ́σθην | ἐσᾰσᾰ́μεθᾰ | ἐσᾰ́σᾰσθε | ἐσᾰ́σᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | σπᾰ́σωμαι | σπᾰ́σῃ | σπᾰ́σηται | σπᾰ́σησθον | σπᾰ́σησθον | σπᾰσώμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́σησθε | σπᾰ́σωνται | |||||
| optative | σπᾰσαίμην | σπᾰ́σαιο | σπᾰ́σαιτο | σπᾰ́σαισθον | σπᾰσαίσθην | σπᾰσαίμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́σαισθε | σπᾰ́σαιντο | |||||
| imperative | σπᾰ́σαι | σπᾰσᾰ́σθω | σπᾰ́σᾰσθον | σπᾰσᾰ́σθων | σπᾰ́σᾰσθε | σπᾰσᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| active | middle | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | σπᾰ́σαι | σπᾰ́σᾰσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | σπᾰ́σᾱς | σπᾰσᾰ́μενος | ||||||||||
| f | σπᾰ́σᾱσᾰ | σπᾰσᾰμένη | |||||||||||
| n | σπᾰ́σᾰν | σπᾰσᾰ́μενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
Derived terms
    
- ἀντῐσπᾰ́ω (antispáō)
 - ἀνᾰσπᾰ́ω (anaspáō)
 - ἀποσπᾰ́ω (apospáō)
 - δῐᾰσπᾰ́ω (diaspáō)
 - ἐκσπᾰ́ω (ekspáō)
 - ἐπῐσπᾰ́ω (epispáō)
 - κᾰτᾰσπᾰ́ω (kataspáō)
 - μετᾰσπᾰ́ω (metaspáō)
 - περῐσπᾰ́ω (perispáō)
 - πᾰρᾰσπᾰ́ω (paraspáō)
 - σπᾰδών (spadṓn)
 - σπᾰ́δων (spádōn)
 - σπᾰ́δῐον (spádion)
 - σπᾰσμός (spasmós)
 - σπᾰ́σμᾰ (spásma)
 - σπᾰστῐκός (spastikós)
 - σπᾰ́σῐς (spásis)
 - σῠσπᾰ́ω (suspáō)
 - ὑποσπᾰ́ω (hupospáō)
 
Further reading
    
- “σπάω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
 - “σπάω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
 - “σπάω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
 - σπάω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
 - σπάω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
 - Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σπάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1378
 
Greek
    
    Alternative forms
    
- σπω (spo) (uncommon)
 
Etymology
    
From Byzantine Greek σπῶ (spô) / σπάω (spáō), from Ancient Greek σπάω (spáō), of Proto-Indo-European origin. Also see σπάζω (spázo).
Pronunciation
    
- IPA(key): /ˈspa.o/
 - Hyphenation: σπά‧ω
 
Verb
    
σπάω • (spáo) (imperfect έσπαγα, past έσπασα, passive —, ppp σπασμένος)
- Alternative form of σπάζω (spázo) (active voice only)
 
Conjugation
    
σπάω    (active voice only plus passive perfect participle)
| Active voice ➤ | ||||
| Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | ||
| Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | ||
| 1 sg | σπάω, (σπω) (σπάζω →) | σπάσω1 | ||
| 2 sg | σπας | σπάσεις | ||
| 3 sg | σπάει | σπάσει | ||
| 1 pl | σπάμε | σπάσουμε, [‑ομε] | ||
| 2 pl | σπάτε | σπάσετε | ||
| 3 pl | σπάνε, σπαν | σπάσουν(ε) | ||
| Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | ||
| 1 sg | έσπαγα (→ έσπαζα) | έσπασα1 | ||
| 2 sg | έσπαγες | έσπασες | ||
| 3 sg | έσπαγε | έσπασε | ||
| 1 pl | σπάγαμε | σπάσαμε | ||
| 2 pl | σπάγατε | σπάσατε | ||
| 3 pl | έσπαγαν, σπάγαν(ε) | έσπασαν, σπάσαν(ε) | ||
| Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | ||
| 1 sg | θα σπάω ➤ | θα σπάσω ➤ | ||
| 2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα σπας, ... | θα σπάσεις, … | ||
| Perfect aspect ➤ | ||||
| Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … σπάσει | είμαι, είσαι, … σπασμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ (also passive voice) | ||
| Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … σπάσει | ήμουν, ήσουν, … σπασμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
| Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … σπάσει | θα είμαι, θα είσαι, … σπασμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
| Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
| Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | ||
| 2 sg | σπάε | σπάσε | ||
| 2 pl | σπάτε | σπάστε | ||
| Other forms | ||||
| Active present participle ➤ | σπώντας (→ σπάζοντας) ➤ | |||
| Active perfect participle ➤ | έχοντας σπάσει ➤ | |||
| Passive perfect participle ➤ | σπασμένος, -η, -ο1 ➤ | |||
| Nonfinite form ➤ | σπάσει | |||
| Notes   Appendix:Greek verbs  | 
 1. Shared forms with σπάζω. • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive.  | |||
Derived terms
    
- μου τη σπάει (mou ti spáei, “it irritates me”) (colloquial only)
 - σπάω στο ξύλο (spáo sto xýlo, “to beat someone up”)
 
Related terms
    
- ξεσπάω (xespáo) / ξεσπώ (xespó)
 - and see: σπάζω (spázo)
 
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