garbh

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish garb,[1] from Proto-Celtic *garwos (compare Welsh garw (“coarse”)).

Pronunciation

Adjective

garbh (genitive singular masculine gairbh, genitive singular feminine gairbhe, plural garbha, comparative gairbhe)

  1. rough, harsh
  2. rugged, coarse, crude
  3. unpolished
  4. approximate

Declension
Declension of garbh
Singular Plural (m/f)
Positive Masculine Feminine (strong noun) (weak noun)
Nominative garbh gharbh garbha;
gharbha²
Vocative ghairbh garbha
Genitive gairbhe garbha garbh
Dative garbh;
gharbh¹		 gharbh;
ghairbh (archaic)		 garbha;
gharbha²
Comparative níos gairbhe
Superlative is gairbhe

¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article.
² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

Derived terms
  • adhgharbh (“very rough”, adjective)
  • gairbhe f (“roughness, coarseness”)
  • garbh-bhéal m (“coarse mouth”)
  • garbhadas m (“roughness, coarseness”)
  • garbhaigh (“roughen; become rough”, verb)
  • garbhán m (“coarse substance”)
  • garbhánach m (“coarse-grained person”)
  • garbhanálú m (“rough breathing”)
  • garbhánta (“coarse-grained”, adjective)
  • garbhántacht f (“coarseness (of grain, fibre)”)
  • garbhchiumhaiseach (“rough-edged”, adjective)
  • garbhchloch f (“rough, uncut, stone”)
  • garbhchríoch f (“rough boundary”)
  • garbhchumtha (“rough-shaped”, adjective)
  • garbhdhéanta (“rough-made, coarse”, adjective)
  • garbhghlórach (“rough-spoken, raucous”, adjective)
  • garbhghnúiseach (“rough-visaged”, adjective)
  • garbhiarann m (“pig-iron”)
  • garbhiasc m (“large sea-fish”)
  • garbhlabhartha (“rough-spoken”, adjective)
  • garbhlach m (“rough ground”)
  • garbhlus m (“goose grass; catchweed”)
  • garbhóg f (“coarse object or person”)
  • garbhógach f (“club moss”)
  • garbhphlána m (“jack-plane”)
  • garbhshíon f (“rough weather”)
  • garbhshnoigh (“rough-hew”, transitive verb)
  • garbhtheilg (“rough-cast”, transitive verb)
  • garbhtheilgean m (“rough-cast”)
  • garbhuille m (“approach shot”)
  • píobán garbh m (“windpipe, trachea”)

Verb

garbh (present analytic garbhann, future analytic garbhfaidh, verbal noun garbhadh, past participle garfa)

  1. (transitive, intransitive) Alternative form of garbhaigh (“roughen; become rough”)

Conjugation
conjugation of garbh (first conjugation – A)
singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative present garbhaim garbhann tú;
garbhair†		 garbhann sé, sí garbhaimid garbhann sibh garbhann siad;
garbhaid†		 a gharbhann; a gharbhas /
a ngarbhann*; a ngarbhas*		 garbhtar
past gharbh mé; gharbhas gharbh tú; gharbhais gharbh sé, sí gharbhamar; gharbh muid gharbh sibh; gharbhabhair gharbh siad; gharbhadar a gharbh /
ar gharbh*		 garbhadh
past habitual gharbhainn / ngarbhainn‡‡ gharbhtá / ngarbhtᇇ gharbhadh sé, sí / ngarbhadh sé, s퇇 gharbhaimis; gharbhadh muid / ngarbhaimis‡‡; ngarbhadh muid‡‡ gharbhadh sibh / ngarbhadh sibh‡‡ gharbhaidís; gharbhadh siad / ngarbhaidís‡‡; ngarbhadh siad‡‡ a gharbhadh /
a ngarbhadh*		 gharbhtaí / ngarbhta퇇
future garbhfaidh mé;
garbhfad		 garbhfaidh tú;
garbhfair†		 garbhfaidh sé, sí garbhfaimid;
garbhfaidh muid		 garbhfaidh sibh garbhfaidh siad;
garbhfaid†		 a gharbhfaidh; a gharbhfas /
a ngarbhfaidh*; a ngarbhfas*		 garbhfar
conditional gharbhfainn / ngarbhfainn‡‡ gharbhfá / ngarbhfᇇ gharbhfadh sé, sí / ngarbhfadh sé, s퇇 gharbhfaimis; gharbhfadh muid / ngarbhfaimis‡‡; ngarbhfadh muid‡‡ gharbhfadh sibh / ngarbhfadh sibh‡‡ gharbhfaidís; gharbhfadh siad / ngarbhfaidís‡‡; ngarbhfadh siad‡‡ a gharbhfadh /
a ngarbhfadh*		 gharbhfaí / ngarbhfa퇇
subjunctive present go ngarbha mé;
go ngarbhad†		 go ngarbha tú;
go ngarbhair†		 go ngarbha sé, sí go ngarbhaimid;
go ngarbha muid		 go ngarbha sibh go ngarbha siad;
go ngarbhaid†		 — go ngarbhtar
past dá ngarbhainn dá ngarbhtá dá ngarbhadh sé, sí dá ngarbhaimis;
dá ngarbhadh muid		 dá ngarbhadh sibh dá ngarbhaidís;
dá ngarbhadh siad		 — dá ngarbhtaí
imperative garbhaim garbh garbhadh sé, sí garbhaimis garbhaigí;
garbhaidh†		 garbhaidís — garbhtar
verbal noun garbhadh
past participle garfa

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation
Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
garbh gharbh ngarbh
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  1. G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 garb”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  2. Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 65, page 34
  3. Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 110, page 43

Further reading

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish garb, from Proto-Celtic *garwos (compare Welsh garw (“coarse”)).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈkaɾav/

Adjective

garbh (comparative gairbhe)

  1. rough (as in a rough surface)
  2. wild (about the weather)
  3. hoarse
  4. gross

Mutation
Scottish Gaelic mutation
Radical Lenition
garbhgharbh
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
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