Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/rōþr

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *rōþrą. Equivalent to *rōan (“to row”) +‎ *-þr.

Noun

*rōþr n[1]

oar
Synonyms: *airu, *rēmō
rudder

Inflection

Neuter a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*rōþr
Genitive	*rōþras
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*rōþr	*rōþru
Accusative	*rōþr	*rōþru
Genitive	*rōþras	*rōþrō
Dative	*rōþrē	*rōþrum
Instrumental	*rōþru	*rōþrum

Descendants

Old English: rōþor
- Middle English: rother, rodder, rothre, ruder, rothyr, rothir, rothar, roþer
  - English: rudder, rother
  - Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder
Old Frisian: rōther, rōder
- Saterland Frisian: Ruur
- West Frisian: roer
Old Saxon: *rōthar
- Middle Low German: rôder
  - German Low German: Roor
  - → Danish: ror
  - → Faroese: róður
  - → Norwegian: ror
  - → Old Swedish: rodher
    - Swedish: roder
Old Dutch: *ruother
- Middle Dutch: roeder
  - Dutch: roer
    - Afrikaans: roer
    - → Russian: руль (rulʹ)
      - → Armenian: ռուլ (ṙul)
      - → Azerbaijani: rul
      - → Georgian: რული (ruli)
      - → Kazakh: рөл (röl)
      - → Persian: رل (rol)
Old High German: ruodar, ruoder
- Middle High German: ruoder
  - German: Ruder
  - Luxembourgish: Rudder
  - Yiddish: רודער (ruder)

References

Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 328: “PWGmc *rōþr”

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[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 328: “PWGmc *rōþr”