< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic

Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/śamš-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Compare Central Atlas Tamazight ⵓⵙⵎ (usm, “lightning”).

Noun

*śamš- m or f

sun

Inflection

Declension of *śamš-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*śamšum

*śamšāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*śamšim

*śamšayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*śamšam

possessive forms

1st person

*śamšī / *śamšVya

—

*śamšVni

2nd person m

*śamšVka

*śamšVkumā / *śamšVkumay

*śamšVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*śamšVki

*śamšVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*śamšVšu

*śamšVšumā / *śamšVšumay

*śamšVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*śamšVša

*śamšVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *śamšuya for nom. case, *śamšiya for gen. case, *śamšaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *śamš-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*śamšuka	*śamšāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*śamšika	*śamšayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*śamšaka	*śamšayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *śamš-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*śamšuki	*śamšāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*śamšiki	*śamšayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*śamšaki	*śamšayki	plural stem + *-īki

Declension of *śamš-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*śamšum

*śamšāna

*śamšātum

Genitive

*śamšim

*śamšayna

*śamšātim

Accusative

*śamšam

possessive forms

1st person

*śamšī / *śamšVya

—

*śamšVni

2nd person m

*śamšVka

*śamšVkumā / *śamšVkumay

*śamšVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*śamšVki

*śamšVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*śamšVšu

*śamšVšumā / *śamšVšumay

*śamšVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*śamšVša

*śamšVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *śamšuya for nom. case, *śamšiya for gen. case, *śamšaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *śamš-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*śamšuka	*śamšāka	*śamšātuka
Genitive	*śamšika	*śamšayka	*śamšātika
Accusative	*śamšaka	*śamšayka	*śamšātika

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *śamš-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*śamšuki	*śamšāki	*śamšātuki
Genitive	*śamšiki	*śamšayki	*śamšātiki
Accusative	*śamšaki	*śamšayki	*śamšātiki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒌓 (šamšum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: شَمْس (šams)
    - Maltese: xemx
    - Moroccan Arabic: شمش (šamš), شمس (šams)
    - → Malay: شمس, syamsi
      - → Indonesian: syamsi
    - → Ottoman Turkish: شمس (şems)
      - Turkish: şems
    - → Uzbek: shams
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: שִׁמְשָׁא (šimšā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܫܶܡܫܳܐ (šemšā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: שֶׁמֶשׁ (shémesh, šémeš)
      - Phoenician: 𐤔𐤌𐤔 (šmš)
        Punic: 𐤔𐤌𐤔 (šmš)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎌𐎔𐎌 (špš /⁠šapšu⁠/)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Minaean: 𐩦𐩣𐩪 (s²ms¹)
    - Qatabanian: 𐩦𐩣𐩪 (s²ms¹)
    - Sabaean: 𐩦𐩣𐩪 (s²ms¹)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Tigre: ሸምሽ (šämš)

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