Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/tárHati

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *térh₂-e-ti, from *terh₂- (“to cross over”).

Verb

*tárHati

to cross over

Inflection

Nonfinite forms of *tárHati

Infinitive	*tárHtum
Gerund	*tr̥HtwáH
Past passive participle	*tr̥Hnás
Future passive participle	*tā́rHyas

Present forms of *tárHati

	Active			Middle			Passive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
1st	*tárHaHmi	*tárHaHwas	*tárHaHmas	*tárHay	*tarHáHwadʰHay	*tarHáHmadʰHay	*tr̥Hyáy	*tr̥HyáHwadʰHay	*tr̥HyáHmadʰHay
2nd	*tárHasi	*tárHatʰas	*tárHatʰa	*tárHasay	*tárHaytʰay	*tárHadʰway	*tr̥Hyásay	*tr̥Hyáytʰay	*tr̥Hyádʰway
3rd	*tárHati	*tárHatas	*tárHanti	*tárHatay	*tárHaytay	*tárHantay	*tr̥Hyátay	*tr̥Hyáytay	*tr̥Hyántay
Imperative
1st	*tárHaHni	*tárHaHwa	*tárHaHma	*tárHaHy	*tarHáHwadʰHaHy	*tarHáHmadʰHaHy	*tr̥HyáHy	*tr̥HyáHwadʰHaHy	*tr̥HyáHmadʰHaHy
2nd	*tárHa	*tárHatam	*tárHata	*tárHaswa	*tárHaytʰām	*tárHadʰwam	*tr̥Hyáswa	*tr̥Hyáytʰām	*tr̥Hyádʰwam
3rd	*tárHatu	*tárHatām	*tárHantu	*tárHatām	*tárHaytām	*tárHantam	*tr̥Hyátām	*tr̥Hyáytām	*tr̥Hyántam
Optative
1st	*tárHayHam	*tárHaywa	*tárHaymas	*tárHayHa	*tarHáywadʰHi	*tarHáymadʰHi	*tr̥HyáyHa	*tr̥HyáywadʰHi	*tr̥HyáymadʰHi
2nd	*tárHays	*tárHaytam	*tárHayta	*tárHaytʰās	*tarHáyHātʰām	*tárHaydʰwam	*tr̥Hyáytʰās	*tr̥HáyHātʰām	*tr̥Hyáydʰwam
3rd	*tárHayt	*tárHaytām	*tárHayHunt	*tárHayta	*tarHáyHātām	*tárHayrant	*tr̥Hyáyta	*tr̥HyáyHātām	*tr̥Hyáyrant
Participles	*tárHant			*tárHamHnas			*tr̥HyámHnas

Imperfect forms of *tárHati

	Active			Middle			Passive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
1st	*átarHam	*atárHaHwa	*atárHaHma	*átarHay	*atarHáHwadʰHi	*atarHáHmadʰHi	*atr̥Hyáy	*atr̥HyáHwadʰHi	*atr̥HyáHmadʰHi
2nd	*átarHas	*atárHatam	*atárHata	*atárHatʰās	*atárHaytʰām	*atárHadʰwam	*atr̥Hyátʰās	*atr̥Hyáytʰām	*atr̥Hyádʰwam
3rd	*átarHat	*atárHatām	*átarHant	*atárHata	*atárHaytām	*atárHanta	*atr̥Hyáta	*atr̥Hyáytām	*atr̥Hyánta

Derived terms

*witárHati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *witárHati
  - Sanskrit: वितरति (vitárati)
    - Pali: vitarati
- Proto-Iranian: *witárHati[1]
  - Old Persian: [Term?] (/⁠vitar-⁠/)
    - Middle Persian:
      Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (w(y)dyrd)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wtylyt /⁠widerēd⁠/)
  - Parthian: [script needed] (w(y)dr-), [script needed] (w(y)dʿr-)
  - Sogdian:
    - Buddhist: [script needed] (wytr-)
    - Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (wytʿr-)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHati
- Sanskrit: तरति (tárati)[2]
  - Pali: tarati
Proto-Iranian: *tárHati[1]
- Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬝 (titarat̰, inj.3sg), 𐬙𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬙 (titaraṇt, pres.ptc.)
- Ossetian:
  Digor Ossetian: тӕрун (tærun)
  
  Iron Ossetian: тӕрын (tæryn)
- ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *tarHáyati
  - Old Persian: *tarayati
    - ⇒ Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎫𐎼/𐎹𐎶 (vi-i-y-t-r/y-m /⁠viyatarayam⁠/, 1sg.caus.inj.act.)

References

Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*tarH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 380
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “TAR^I”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 629

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[Cheung-1] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*tarH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 380

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “TAR^I”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 629