< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/úd

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Adverb

*úd[1][2]

  1. upwards, away, out, outward

Derived terms
  • *úd-s (prep.)[1] (< genitive[3])
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *uź
      • Latvian: uz
      • Lithuanian: už
      • Proto-Slavic: *vъz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *uss- (prep.)[4]
    • Proto-Germanic: *uz (“out (of)”, prep.)[3] (see there for further descendants)
  • *úd-s-kʷe (“above”, prep.)[1]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢčáH (“above, upwards”, adverb) (< *úds-kʷeh₁ (instr.)) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *ū̆skʷe[4]
      • Latin: ū̆sque (“all the way, up to”, adverb) (see there for further descendants)
  • *úd-ter-o-s (“higher, outer”, contrastive)[5]
  • *ud-tm̥m-ó-s (“highest, most outer”, superl.)[1][6]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ústəmos[1]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢtamás (“highest, most elevated”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *úd-er-o-s (“abdomen, stomach”)[7][8] (deadjectival of original superlative)

Descendants
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ū́
    • Proto-Slavic: *vy- (“out”, pref)[9] (< Winter's law < *ud-) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ud- (pref.)
  • Proto-Germanic: *ūt (“out, outward”, adverb)[10] (lengthened due to monosyllabicity[10]) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *u
    • Ancient Greek: ὑ- (hu-, pref.), ὑ (hu, prep..)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ud-[11] (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ū̆d-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1103-1104
  2. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*ud-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 547
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*uz”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 562
  4. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ū̆sque”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 646: “Long ū may be due to Lachmann's Law; but it might also reflect PIE *ūd, a variant of *ud which is attested in Germanic and Slavic.”
  5. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*udˢtero-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 517
  6. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “úttara-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 213
  7. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*udero-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 517
  8. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “udero-, u̯ēdero-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 3
  9. Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 553
  10. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ūt”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 562
  11. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “úd”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 214
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