< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ís
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Pronoun
*ís or *h₁e
- the (just named, anaphoric). This demonstrative was used instead of a third-person pronoun.
Declension
| Andrew Sihler's reconstruction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | *ís | *íh₂ | *íd | *éyes | *íh₂es | *íh₂ |
| accusative | *ím | *íh₂m | *íd | *íns | *íh₂ms | *íh₂ |
| genitive | *ésyo | *ésyeh₂s | *ésyo | *éysom | *éysom | *éysom |
| ablative | *ésmod | *ésyeh₂s | *ésyo | *éysom | *éysom | *éysom |
| dative | *ésmey | *ésyeh₂ey | *ésmey | *eybʰ- | *eybʰ- | *eybʰ- |
| locative | *ésmi | *? | *ésmi | *eysu | *eysu | *eysu |
| Donald Ringe's reconstruction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | *éy | *íh₂ | *íd | *éyes | *íh₂es (?) | *íh₂ |
| accusative | *ím | *íh₂m̥ | *íd | *íns | *íh₂n̥s (?) | *íh₂ |
| genitive | *ésyo | *ésyeh₂s | *ésyo | *éysoHom | *íh₂soHom | *éysoHom |
| ablative | *ésmead (?) | *ésyeh₂s | *ésmead (?) | *éymos | *íh₂mos | *éymos |
| dative | *ésmey | *ésyeh₂ey | *ésmey | *éymos | *íh₂mos | *éymos |
| locative | *ésmi | *ésyeh₂(i) | *ésmi | *éysu | *íh₂su | *éysu |
| instrumental | *íh₁ | ? | *íh₁ | *éybʰi | *íh₂bʰi | *éybʰi |
| Robert Beekes' reconstruction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | *h₁e | *ih₂ | *id | *h₁ey | *ih₂es | *ih₂ |
| accusative | *im | *ih₂m̥ | *id | *ins | *ih₂n̥s | *ih₂ |
| genitive | *h₁éso | *h₁eseh₂s (?) | *h₁éso | *h₁éso(m) | *h₁éso(m) | *h₁éso(m) |
| ablative | *h₁esmōd | *h₁esmōd | *h₁esmōd | *h₁eyos | *h₁eyos | *h₁eyos |
| dative | *h₁esmōy | *h₁esieh₂ey | *h₁esmōy | *h₁eymus | *h₁eymus | *h₁eymus |
| locative | *h₁esmi | *h₁esyeh₂i | *h₁esmi | *h₁eysu | *h₁eysu | *h₁eysu |
| instrumental | *h₁ey (?) | *h₁ey (?) | *h₁ey (?) | *h₁eybʰi | *h₁eybʰi | *h₁eybʰi |
Derived terms
- *(h₁)yós (“which”)
- *(h₁)óy-nos, *(h₁)óy-wos, *(h₁)óy-kos (“one”)
- *h₁í-tero-
- *h₁i-wr̥ (“in the manner of, like”)
- ⇒? *ḱ-ís
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *a-ei
- Albanian: ai (“he”)
- Proto-Albanian: *a-jā
- Albanian: ajo (“she”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *is
- Proto-Celtic: *es (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *iz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ayám
- Proto-Italic: *is
- Latin: is, ea, id
- Marrucinian: iafc (feminine accusative plural), esuc (masculine/neuter genitive plural)
- Oscan: 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌉𐌞𐌊 (iúk), 𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌊 (iiuk), 𐌉𐌏𐌊 (iok) (feminine nominative singular), 𐌝𐌃𐌉𐌊 (ídik), 𐌉𐌃𐌉𐌊 (idik) (neuter nominative singular)
- South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌉𐌊 (esmik) (masculine/neuter dative singular), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍 (esmen), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌝𐌍 (esmín) (masculine/neuter locative singular)
- Umbrian: 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek) (neuter nominative singular)
- Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *ja (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- Indo-Iranian:
- Italic:
References
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 56f
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 227–229
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 281
- Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1), Brill, →ISBN, page 73
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