.ṯnj
Egyptian
    
    Pronunciation
    
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /cinVj/ → /tinVj/
 
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /ʔt͡ʃɛni/
- Conventional anglicization: .tjeni
 
 
Usage notes
    
This form is rare in Middle Egyptian; it is more usual to use the plural, .ṯn.
This form of pronoun attaches directly to the preceding word, and means different things depending on what it is attached to.
- When attached to a noun, it indicates the possessor of the noun.
 - When attached to a verb of the suffix conjugation, it indicates the subject of the verb.
 - When attached to an infinitive verb (especially of an intransitive verb) whose subject is not otherwise expressed, it indicates the subject of the verb.
 - When attached to a transitive infinitive verb whose subject is otherwise expressed or omitted, it indicates the object of the verb.
 - In the third person, when attached to a prospective participle, it indicates gender and number agreement.
 - When attached to a particle like jw or a parenthetic like ḫr, it indicates the subject of the clause.
 - When attached to a preposition, it indicates the object of the preposition.
 - When it follows a relative adjective such as ntj or ntt, it indicates the subject of the relative clause (except in the first person singular and third person common).
 
Inflection
    
Old Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j | 
.k, .kj1 | 
.ṯ, .ṯn | 
.f, .fj1 | 
.s, .sj1 | 
| dual | .nj | 
.ṯnj | 
.snj | |||
| plural | .n | 
.ṯn | 
.sn | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | w, wj, wy | 
kw, k, ṯw, ṯ | 
ṯm, ṯn | 
sw, s | 
s | 
| dual | — | 
ṯnj | 
snj | |||
| plural | n | 
ṯn | 
sn | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk | 
ṯwt | 
ṯmt | 
swt | 
stt | 
| dual | — | 
— | 
ntsnj | |||
| plural | — | 
ntṯn | 
ntsn, jntsn | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kj, .k | 
.tj, .t | 
∅, .j | 
.tj, .t | |
| dual | — | .tjwn | 
.wy, .wj | 
.ty | ||
| plural | .wn, .nw | 
∅, .w, .y, .wy | 
.tj, .t | |||
  | ||||||
Middle Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j | 
.k, .kj1 | 
.ṯ, .t | 
.f, .fj1 | 
.s, .sj1 | 
| dual2 | .nj | 
.ṯnj, .tnj | 
.snj | |||
| plural | .n | 
.ṯn, .tn | 
.sn, .w3 | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | wj, w | 
ṯw, tw | 
ṯn, tn | 
sw, st | 
sj, s, st | 
| plural | n | 
ṯn, tn | 
sn, st | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk | 
ntk, ṯwt2 | 
ntṯ, ntt, ṯwt2 | 
ntf, swt2 | 
nts, swt2 | 
| plural | jnn3 | 
ntṯn, nttn | 
ntsn | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kw | 
.tj, .t, .tw3 | 
∅, .w | 
.tj, .t, .tw3 | |
| plural | .wn, .wjn | 
.tjwn, .tjwnj | 
∅, .w, .y | |||
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns3 | singular | tw.j | 
tw.k | 
tw.t | 
sw | 
sj, st | 
| plural | tw.n | 
tw.tn | 
st | |||
  | ||||||
Late Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j | 
.k, .kw | 
.t | 
.f, .fj | 
.s, .st, .sw | 
| plural | .n | 
.tn, .twn | 
.w, .sn1 | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns1 | singular | wj | 
tw, tj | 
sw, st | ||
| plural | n, wn | 
twn | 
sn, st | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk | 
mntk, mtwk | 
mntt, mtwy | 
mntf | 
mntst, mntjst | 
| plural | jnn | 
mnttn | 
mntw | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings1 | singular | .kw, .k | 
.tj, .tw | 
∅, .w, .y | 
.tj, .tw | |
| plural | .nw | 
.tn | 
∅, .w, .y | |||
| unmarked (later) | ∅, .tw | |||||
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns | singular | tw.j | 
tw.k | 
tw.t | 
sw | 
st, sw | 
| plural | tw.n | 
tw.tn | 
st, sw, swt | |||
  | ||||||
Alternative forms
    
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of .ṯnj  
References
    
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 51.
 
- Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 64
 
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