萌芽

Chinese
(archaic) people; sprout; (neologism) moe, cute bud; sprout
trad. (萌芽) 萌 芽
simp. #(萌芽) 萌 芽
alternative forms 萌牙

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 萌 芽
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 耕 (117) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 莫耕切 五加切
Baxter meang ngae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /mˠɛŋ/ /ŋˠa/
Pan
Wuyun		 /mᵚæŋ/ /ŋᵚa/
Shao
Rongfen		 /mɐŋ/ /ŋa/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /məɨjŋ/ /ŋaɨ/
Li
Rong		 /mɛŋ/ /ŋa/
Wang
Li		 /mæŋ/ /ŋa/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /mæŋ/ /ŋa/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 méng yá
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 mang4 ngaa4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 芽
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 yá
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ngæ ›
Old
Chinese		 /*m-ɢˁ<r>a/
English shoot, sprout

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 萌 芽
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 9191 14178
Phonetic
component		 明 牙
Rime
group		 耕 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 甍 牙
Old
Chinese		 /*mreːŋ/ /*ŋraː/

Noun

萌芽

  1. sprout
  2. (figurative) germ (of an idea)

Verb

萌芽

  1. (botany) to sprout; to germinate; to bud

Synonyms

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (萌芽):
  • → Japanese: 萌(ほう)芽(が) (hōga)
  • → Korean: 맹아(萌芽) (maeng'a)

Japanese
Kanji in this term
萌 芽
ほう
Jinmeiyō		 が
Grade: 4
kan’yōon kan’on

Pronunciation

Noun

萌(ほう)芽(が) • (hōga) ←はうが (fauga)?

  1. germination
    Synonyms: 発芽 (hatsuga), 芽生え (mebae)
  2. (figuratively) sign, omen
    Synonym: 兆し (kizashi)

Derived terms
  • 萌(ほう)芽(が)林(りん) (hōgarin)

Verb

萌(ほう)芽(が)する • (hōga suru) ←はうが (fauga)?intransitive suru (stem 萌(ほう)芽(が)し (hōga shi), past 萌(ほう)芽(が)した (hōga shita))

  1. to germinate; to sprout

Conjugation
Conjugation of "萌芽する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 萌芽し ほうがし hōga shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 萌芽し ほうがし hōga shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 萌芽する ほうがする hōga suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 萌芽する ほうがする hōga suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 萌芽すれ ほうがすれ hōga sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 萌芽せよ¹
萌芽しろ²		 ほうがせよ¹
ほうがしろ²		 hōga seyo¹
hōga shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 萌芽される ほうがされる hōga sareru
Causative 萌芽させる
萌芽さす		 ほうがさせる
ほうがさす		 hōga saseru
hōga sasu
Potential 萌芽できる ほうができる hōga dekiru
Volitional 萌芽しよう ほうがしよう hōga shiyō
Negative 萌芽しない ほうがしない hōga shinai
Negative continuative 萌芽せず ほうがせず hōga sezu
Formal 萌芽します ほうがします hōga shimasu
Perfective 萌芽した ほうがした hōga shita
Conjunctive 萌芽して ほうがして hōga shite
Hypothetical conditional 萌芽すれば ほうがすれば hōga sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean
Hanja in this term
萌芽

Noun

萌芽 • (maeng'a) (hangeul 맹아)

  1. Hanja form? of 맹아.
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