敗北

See also: 败北

Chinese
to be defeated to be defeated
trad. (敗北) 敗 北
simp. (败北) 败 北

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 敗 北
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Initial (聲) 並 (3) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 夬 (29) 德 (131)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II I
Fanqie 薄邁切 博墨切
Baxter baejH pok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /bˠaiH/ /pək̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /bᵚaiH/ /pək̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /baiH/ /pək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /baɨjsH/ /pək̚/
Li
Rong		 /baiH/ /pək̚/
Wang
Li		 /bæiH/ /pək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /bʱaiH/ /pək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 bài bo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 baai6 bak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 敗 北
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 bài běi
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ bæjH › ‹ pok ›
Old
Chinese		 /*N-pˁra[t]-s/ /*pˁək/
English suffer defeat north

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敗 北
Reading # 2/2 1/1
No. 422 414
Phonetic
component		 貝 北
Rime
group		 祭 職
Rime
subdivision		 1 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 敗 北
Old
Chinese		 /*braːds/ /*pɯːɡ/

Verb

敗北

  1. to be defeated; to suffer defeat; to lose a battle

Synonyms

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (敗北):
  • → Japanese: 敗北(はいぼく) (haiboku)
  • → Korean: 패배(敗北) (paebae)

Japanese
Kanji in this term
敗 北
はい
Grade: 4		 ほく > ぼく
Grade: 2
on’yomi

Pronunciation
    • (Tokyo) はいぼく [hàíbókú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
    • IPA(key): [ha̠ibo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

    Noun

    敗(はい)北(ぼく) • (haiboku) 

    1. defeat, loss

    Antonyms

    Verb

    敗(はい)北(ぼく)する • (haiboku suru) suru (stem 敗(はい)北(ぼく)し (haiboku shi), past 敗(はい)北(ぼく)した (haiboku shita))

    1. be defeated; lose

    Conjugation
    Conjugation of "敗北する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
    Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
    Mizenkei ("imperfective") 敗北し はいぼくし haiboku shi
    Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 敗北し はいぼくし haiboku shi
    Shūshikei ("terminal") 敗北する はいぼくする haiboku suru
    Rentaikei ("attributive") 敗北する はいぼくする haiboku suru
    Kateikei ("hypothetical") 敗北すれ はいぼくすれ haiboku sure
    Meireikei ("imperative") 敗北せよ¹
    敗北しろ²    		 はいぼくせよ¹
    はいぼくしろ²    		 haiboku seyo¹
    haiboku shiro²
    Key constructions
    Passive 敗北される はいぼくされる haiboku sareru
    Causative 敗北させる
    敗北さす    		 はいぼくさせる
    はいぼくさす    		 haiboku saseru
    haiboku sasu
    Potential 敗北できる はいぼくできる haiboku dekiru
    Volitional 敗北しよう はいぼくしよう haiboku shiyō
    Negative 敗北しない はいぼくしない haiboku shinai
    Negative continuative 敗北せず はいぼくせず haiboku sezu
    Formal 敗北します はいぼくします haiboku shimasu
    Perfective 敗北した はいぼくした haiboku shita
    Conjunctive 敗北して はいぼくして haiboku shite
    Hypothetical conditional 敗北すれば はいぼくすれば haiboku sureba
    ¹ Written imperative

    ² Spoken imperative

    References
    1. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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