勇む

Japanese
Kanji in this term
勇
いさ
Grade: 4

Etymology

From Old Japanese. Initial いさ (isa) portion shares its origin with the old isa reading of 鯨 (“whale”). Ending む (mu) is likely the old auxiliary verb む, expressing intent, desire, or estimation.

Homophonic with archaic 営む (“to do business”), and archaic 諫む/諌む (“to admonish”), but semantic relationship is unclear.

Verb

勇(いさ)む • (isamu) intransitive godan (stem 勇(いさ)み (isami), past 勇(いさ)んだ (isanda))

  1. to be in high spirits, enthusiastic; to be brave or courageous
  2. (archaic) to whinny
    • This sense is usually expressed using the word 嘶く (inanaku). However, the ending naku portion is homophonic with 泣く (“to cry, to weep”), and as such this word was treated as somewhat taboo by soldiers, who thus used isamu instead.
  3. (archaic) to blow a horn as a signal in a naval battle

勇(いさ)む • (isamu) transitive godan (stem 勇(いさ)み (isami), past 勇(いさ)んだ (isanda))

  1. (archaic) to encourage, to cheer someone up

Conjugation
Conjugation of "勇む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 勇ま いさま isama
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 勇み いさみ isami
Shūshikei ("terminal") 勇む いさむ isamu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 勇む いさむ isamu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 勇め いさめ isame
Meireikei ("imperative") 勇め いさめ isame
Key constructions
Passive 勇まれる いさまれる isamareru
Causative 勇ませる
勇ます		 いさませる
いさます		 isamaseru
isamasu
Potential 勇める いさめる isameru
Volitional 勇もう いさもう isamō
Negative 勇まない いさまない isamanai
Negative continuative 勇まず いさまず isamazu
Formal 勇みます いさみます isamimasu
Perfective 勇んだ いさんだ isanda
Conjunctive 勇んで いさんで isande
Hypothetical conditional 勇めば いさめば isameba

Synonyms
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