ἐρίζω
Ancient Greek
    
    
Pronunciation
    
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /e.ríz.dɔː/
 - (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /eˈri.zo/
 - (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /eˈri.zo/
 - (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /eˈri.zo/
 - (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /eˈri.zo/
 
Conjugation
    
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐρῐ́ζω | ἐρῐ́ζεις | ἐρῐ́ζει | ἐρῐ́ζετον | ἐρῐ́ζετον | ἐρῐ́ζομεν | ἐρῐ́ζετε | ἐρῐ́ζουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρῐ́ζω | ἐρῐ́ζῃς | ἐρῐ́ζῃ | ἐρῐ́ζητον | ἐρῐ́ζητον | ἐρῐ́ζωμεν | ἐρῐ́ζητε | ἐρῐ́ζωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐρῐ́ζοιμῐ | ἐρῐ́ζοις | ἐρῐ́ζοι | ἐρῐ́ζοιτον | ἐρῐζοίτην | ἐρῐ́ζοιμεν | ἐρῐ́ζοιτε | ἐρῐ́ζοιεν | |||||
| imperative | ἔρῐζε | ἐρῐζέτω | ἐρῐ́ζετον | ἐρῐζέτων | ἐρῐ́ζετε | ἐρῐζόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive  | 
indicative | ἐρῐ́ζομαι | ἐρῐ́ζῃ, ἐρῐ́ζει  | 
ἐρῐ́ζεται | ἐρῐ́ζεσθον | ἐρῐ́ζεσθον | ἐρῐζόμεθᾰ | ἐρῐ́ζεσθε | ἐρῐ́ζονται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρῐ́ζωμαι | ἐρῐ́ζῃ | ἐρῐ́ζηται | ἐρῐ́ζησθον | ἐρῐ́ζησθον | ἐρῐζώμεθᾰ | ἐρῐ́ζησθε | ἐρῐ́ζωνται | |||||
| optative | ἐρῐζοίμην | ἐρῐ́ζοιο | ἐρῐ́ζοιτο | ἐρῐ́ζοισθον | ἐρῐζοίσθην | ἐρῐζοίμεθᾰ | ἐρῐ́ζοισθε | ἐρῐ́ζοιντο | |||||
| imperative | ἐρῐ́ζου | ἐρῐζέσθω | ἐρῐ́ζεσθον | ἐρῐζέσθων | ἐρῐ́ζεσθε | ἐρῐζέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἐρῐ́ζειν | ἐρῐ́ζεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐρῐ́ζων | ἐρῐζόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ἐρῐ́ζουσᾰ | ἐρῐζομένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἐρῐ́ζον | ἐρῐζόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
   Imperfect: ἤρῐζον, ἠρῐζόμην 
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἤρῐζον | ἤρῐζες | ἤρῐζε(ν) | ἠρῐ́ζετον | ἠρῐζέτην | ἠρῐ́ζομεν | ἠρῐ́ζετε | ἤρῐζον | ||||
| middle/ passive  | 
indicative | ἠρῐζόμην | ἠρῐ́ζου | ἠρῐ́ζετο | ἠρῐ́ζεσθον | ἠρῐζέσθην | ἠρῐζόμεθᾰ | ἠρῐ́ζεσθε | ἠρῐ́ζοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
   Future: ἐρῐέω, ἐρῐέομαι, ἐρῐσθήσομαι (Uncontracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐρῐέω | ἐρῐέεις | ἐρῐέει | ἐρῐέετον | ἐρῐέετον | ἐρῐέομεν | ἐρῐέετε | ἐρῐέουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | ἐρῐέοιμῐ | ἐρῐέοις | ἐρῐέοι | ἐρῐέοιτον | ἐρῐεοίτην | ἐρῐέοιμεν | ἐρῐέοιτε | ἐρῐέοιεν | |||||
| middle | indicative | ἐρῐέομαι | ἐρῐέῃ, ἐρῐέει  | 
ἐρῐέεται | ἐρῐέεσθον | ἐρῐέεσθον | ἐρῐεόμεθᾰ | ἐρῐέεσθε | ἐρῐέονται | ||||
| optative | ἐρῐεοίμην | ἐρῐέοιο | ἐρῐέοιτο | ἐρῐέοισθον | ἐρῐεοίσθην | ἐρῐεοίμεθᾰ | ἐρῐέοισθε | ἐρῐέοιντο | |||||
| passive | indicative | ἐρῐσθήσομαι | ἐρῐσθήσῃ | ἐρῐσθήσεται | ἐρῐσθήσεσθον | ἐρῐσθήσεσθον | ἐρῐσθησόμεθᾰ | ἐρῐσθήσεσθε | ἐρῐσθήσονται | ||||
| optative | ἐρῐσθησοίμην | ἐρῐσθήσοιο | ἐρῐσθήσοιτο | ἐρῐσθήσοισθον | ἐρῐσθησοίσθην | ἐρῐσθησοίμεθᾰ | ἐρῐσθήσοισθε | ἐρῐσθήσοιντο | |||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ἐρῐέειν | ἐρῐέεσθαι | ἐρῐσθήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐρῐέων | ἐρῐεόμενος | ἐρῐσθησόμενος | |||||||||
| f | ἐρῐέουσᾰ | ἐρῐεομένη | ἐρῐσθησομένη | ||||||||||
| n | ἐρῐέον | ἐρῐεόμενον | ἐρῐσθησόμενον | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
   Future: ἐρῐῶ, ἐρῐοῦμαι, ἐρῐσθήσομαι (Contracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐρῐῶ | ἐρῐεῖς | ἐρῐεῖ | ἐρῐεῖτον | ἐρῐεῖτον | ἐρῐοῦμεν | ἐρῐεῖτε | ἐρῐοῦσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | ἐρῐοίην, ἐρῐοῖμῐ  | 
ἐρῐοίης, ἐρῐοῖς  | 
ἐρῐοίη, ἐρῐοῖ  | 
ἐρῐοῖτον, ἐρῐοίητον  | 
ἐρῐοίτην, ἐρῐοιήτην  | 
ἐρῐοῖμεν, ἐρῐοίημεν  | 
ἐρῐοῖτε, ἐρῐοίητε  | 
ἐρῐοῖεν, ἐρῐοίησᾰν  | |||||
| middle | indicative | ἐρῐοῦμαι | ἐρῐῇ | ἐρῐεῖται | ἐρῐεῖσθον | ἐρῐεῖσθον | ἐρῐούμεθᾰ | ἐρῐεῖσθε | ἐρῐοῦνται | ||||
| optative | ἐρῐοίμην | ἐρῐοῖο | ἐρῐοῖτο | ἐρῐοῖσθον | ἐρῐοίσθην | ἐρῐοίμεθᾰ | ἐρῐοῖσθε | ἐρῐοῖντο | |||||
| passive | indicative | ἐρῐσθήσομαι | ἐρῐσθήσῃ | ἐρῐσθήσεται | ἐρῐσθήσεσθον | ἐρῐσθήσεσθον | ἐρῐσθησόμεθᾰ | ἐρῐσθήσεσθε | ἐρῐσθήσονται | ||||
| optative | ἐρῐσθησοίμην | ἐρῐσθήσοιο | ἐρῐσθήσοιτο | ἐρῐσθήσοισθον | ἐρῐσθησοίσθην | ἐρῐσθησοίμεθᾰ | ἐρῐσθήσοισθε | ἐρῐσθήσοιντο | |||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ἐρῐεῖν | ἐρῐεῖσθαι | ἐρῐσθήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐρῐῶν | ἐρῐούμενος | ἐρῐσθησόμενος | |||||||||
| f | ἐρῐοῦσᾰ | ἐρῐουμένη | ἐρῐσθησομένη | ||||||||||
| n | ἐρῐοῦν | ἐρῐούμενον | ἐρῐσθησόμενον | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
   Aorist: ἤρῐσᾰ, ἠρῐσᾰ́μην, ἠρῐ́σθην 
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἤρῐσᾰ | ἤρῐσᾰς | ἤρῐσε(ν) | ἠρῐ́σᾰτον | ἠρῐσᾰ́την | ἠρῐ́σᾰμεν | ἠρῐ́σᾰτε | ἤρῐσᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρῐ́σω | ἐρῐ́σῃς | ἐρῐ́σῃ | ἐρῐ́σητον | ἐρῐ́σητον | ἐρῐ́σωμεν | ἐρῐ́σητε | ἐρῐ́σωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐρῐ́σαιμῐ | ἐρῐ́σειᾰς, ἐρῐ́σαις  | 
ἐρῐ́σειε(ν), ἐρῐ́σαι  | 
ἐρῐ́σαιτον | ἐρῐσαίτην | ἐρῐ́σαιμεν | ἐρῐ́σαιτε | ἐρῐ́σειᾰν, ἐρῐ́σαιεν  | |||||
| imperative | ἔρῐσον | ἐρῐσᾰ́τω | ἐρῐ́σᾰτον | ἐρῐσᾰ́των | ἐρῐ́σᾰτε | ἐρῐσᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ἠρῐσᾰ́μην | ἠρῐ́σω | ἠρῐ́σᾰτο | ἠρῐ́σᾰσθον | ἠρῐσᾰ́σθην | ἠρῐσᾰ́μεθᾰ | ἠρῐ́σᾰσθε | ἠρῐ́σᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρῐ́σωμαι | ἐρῐ́σῃ | ἐρῐ́σηται | ἐρῐ́σησθον | ἐρῐ́σησθον | ἐρῐσώμεθᾰ | ἐρῐ́σησθε | ἐρῐ́σωνται | |||||
| optative | ἐρῐσαίμην | ἐρῐ́σαιο | ἐρῐ́σαιτο | ἐρῐ́σαισθον | ἐρῐσαίσθην | ἐρῐσαίμεθᾰ | ἐρῐ́σαισθε | ἐρῐ́σαιντο | |||||
| imperative | ἔρῐσαι | ἐρῐσᾰ́σθω | ἐρῐ́σᾰσθον | ἐρῐσᾰ́σθων | ἐρῐ́σᾰσθε | ἐρῐσᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| passive | indicative | ἠρῐ́σθην | ἠρῐ́σθης | ἠρῐ́σθη | ἠρῐ́σθητον | ἠρῐσθήτην | ἠρῐ́σθημεν | ἠρῐ́σθητε | ἠρῐ́σθησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρῐσθῶ | ἐρῐσθῇς | ἐρῐσθῇ | ἐρῐσθῆτον | ἐρῐσθῆτον | ἐρῐσθῶμεν | ἐρῐσθῆτε | ἐρῐσθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐρῐσθείην | ἐρῐσθείης | ἐρῐσθείη | ἐρῐσθεῖτον, ἐρῐσθείητον  | 
ἐρῐσθείτην, ἐρῐσθειήτην  | 
ἐρῐσθεῖμεν, ἐρῐσθείημεν  | 
ἐρῐσθεῖτε, ἐρῐσθείητε  | 
ἐρῐσθεῖεν, ἐρῐσθείησᾰν  | |||||
| imperative | ἐρῐ́σθητῐ | ἐρῐσθήτω | ἐρῐ́σθητον | ἐρῐσθήτων | ἐρῐ́σθητε | ἐρῐσθέντων | |||||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ἐρῐ́σαι | ἐρῐ́σᾰσθαι | ἐρῐσθῆναι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐρῐ́σᾱς | ἐρῐσᾰ́μενος | ἐρῐσθείς | |||||||||
| f | ἐρῐ́σᾱσᾰ | ἐρῐσᾰμένη | ἐρῐσθεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||
| n | ἐρῐ́σᾰν | ἐρῐσᾰ́μενον | ἐρῐσθέν | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
   Perfect: ἤρῐκᾰ, ἤρῐσμαι 
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἤρῐκᾰ | ἤρῐκᾰς | ἤρῐκε(ν) | ἠρῐ́κᾰτον | ἠρῐ́κᾰτον | ἠρῐ́κᾰμεν | ἠρῐ́κᾰτε | ἠρῐ́κᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ἠρῐ́κω | ἠρῐ́κῃς | ἠρῐ́κῃ | ἠρῐ́κητον | ἠρῐ́κητον | ἠρῐ́κωμεν | ἠρῐ́κητε | ἠρῐ́κωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἠρῐ́κοιμῐ, ἠρῐκοίην  | 
ἠρῐ́κοις, ἠρῐκοίης  | 
ἠρῐ́κοι, ἠρῐκοίη  | 
ἠρῐ́κοιτον | ἠρῐκοίτην | ἠρῐ́κοιμεν | ἠρῐ́κοιτε | ἠρῐ́κοιεν | |||||
| imperative | ἤρῐκε | ἠρῐκέτω | ἠρῐ́κετον | ἠρῐκέτων | ἠρῐ́κετε | ἠρῐκόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive  | 
indicative | ἤρῐσμαι | ἤρῐσαι | ἤρῐσται | ἤρῐσθον | ἤρῐσθον | ἠρῐ́σμεθᾰ | ἤρῐσθε | ἠρῐ́δᾰται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἠρῐσμένος ὦ | ἠρῐσμένος ᾖς | ἠρῐσμένος ᾖ | ἠρῐσμένω ἦτον | ἠρῐσμένω ἦτον | ἠρῐσμένοι ὦμεν | ἠρῐσμένοι ἦτε | ἠρῐσμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἠρῐσμένος εἴην | ἠρῐσμένος εἴης | ἠρῐσμένος εἴη | ἠρῐσμένω εἴητον/εἶτον | ἠρῐσμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην | ἠρῐσμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν | ἠρῐσμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε | ἠρῐσμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν | |||||
| imperative | ἤρῐσο | ἠρῐ́σθω | ἤρῐσθον | ἠρῐ́σθων | ἤρῐσθε | ἠρῐ́σθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἠρῐκέναι | ἠρῐ́σθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἠρῐκώς | ἠρῐσμένος | ||||||||||
| f | ἠρῐκυῖᾰ | ἠρῐσμένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἠρῐκός | ἠρῐσμένον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
   Pluperfect: ἠρῐ́κειν, ἠρῐ́σμην 
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἠρῐ́κειν, ἠρῐ́κη  | 
ἠρῐ́κεις, ἠρῐ́κης  | 
ἠρῐ́κει(ν) | ἠρῐ́κετον | ἠρῐκέτην | ἠρῐ́κεμεν | ἠρῐ́κετε | ἠρῐ́κεσᾰν | ||||
| middle/ passive  | 
indicative | ἠρῐ́σμην | ἤρῐσο | ἤρῐστο | ἤρῐσθον | ἠρῐ́σθην | ἠρῐ́σμεθᾰ | ἤρῐσθε | ἠρῐ́δᾰτο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐρίζω | ἐρίζεις | ἐρίζει | ἐρίζετον | ἐρίζετον | ἐρίζομεν | ἐρίζετε | ἐρίζουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρίζω, ἐρίζωμῐ  | 
ἐρίζῃς, ἐρίζῃσθᾰ  | 
ἐρίζῃ, ἐρίζῃσῐ  | 
ἐρίζητον | ἐρίζητον | ἐρίζωμεν | ἐρίζητε | ἐρίζωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐρίζοιμῐ | ἐρίζοισ(θᾰ) | ἐρίζοι | ἐρίζοιτον | ἐριζοίτην | ἐρίζοιμεν | ἐρίζοιτε | ἐρίζοιεν | |||||
| imperative | ἔριζε | ἐριζέτω | ἐρίζετον | ἐριζέτων | ἐρίζετε | ἐριζόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive  | 
indicative | ἐρίζομαι | ἐρίζεαι | ἐρίζεται | ἐρίζεσθον | ἐρίζεσθον | ἐριζόμε(σ)θᾰ | ἐρίζεσθε | ἐρίζονται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρίζωμαι | ἐρίζηαι | ἐρίζηται | ἐρίζησθον | ἐρίζησθον | ἐριζώμε(σ)θᾰ | ἐρίζησθε | ἐρίζωνται | |||||
| optative | ἐριζοίμην | ἐρίζοιο | ἐρίζοιτο | ἐρίζοισθον | ἐριζοίσθην | ἐριζοίμε(σ)θᾰ | ἐρίζοισθε | ἐριζοίᾰτο | |||||
| imperative | ἐρίζεο | ἐριζέσθω | ἐρίζεσθον | ἐριζέσθων | ἐρίζεσθε | ἐριζέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἐρίζειν/ἐριζέμεν(αι)/ἐριζμέναι | ἐρίζεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐρίζων | ἐριζόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ἐρίζουσᾰ | ἐριζομένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἐρῖζον | ἐριζόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| passive | indicative | ἐρήρισμαι | ἐρήρισαι | ἐρήρισται | ἐρήρισθον | ἐρήρισθον | ἐρηρίσμεθᾰ | ἐρήρισθε | ἐρηρίδᾰται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρηρισμένος ὦ | ἐρηρισμένος ᾖς | ἐρηρισμένος ᾖ | ἐρηρισμένω ἦτον | ἐρηρισμένω ἦτον | ἐρηρισμένοι ὦμεν | ἐρηρισμένοι ἦτε | ἐρηρισμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐρηρισμένος εἴην | ἐρηρισμένος εἴης | ἐρηρισμένος εἴη | ἐρηρισμένω εἴητον/εἶτον | ἐρηρισμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην | ἐρηρισμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν | ἐρηρισμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε | ἐρηρίσμενοι εἰησᾰ́ν/εἰεν | |||||
| imperative | ἐρήρισο | ἐρηρίσθω | ἐρήρισθον | ἐρηρίσθων | ἐρήρισθε | ἐρηρίσθων | |||||||
| infinitive | ἐρηρῖσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐρηρισμένος | |||||||||||
| f | ἐρηρισμένη | ||||||||||||
| n | ἐρηρισμένον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.  | ||||||||||||
Further reading
    
- “ἐρίζω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
 - ἐρίζω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
 - ἐρίζω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
 - “ἐρίζω”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, 2011
 - “ἐρίζω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
 - “ἐρίζω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
 - G2051 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
 - Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. 
- argue idem, page 39.
 - bicker idem, page 78.
 - brawl idem, page 94.
 - cavil idem, page 120.
 - contend idem, page 167.
 - differ idem, page 223.
 - disagree idem, page 227.
 - discuss idem, page 232.
 - dispute idem, page 238.
 - emulate idem, page 269.
 - feud idem, page 317.
 - nag idem, page 549.
 - odds idem, page 569.
 - quarrel idem, page 663.
 - rival idem, page 718.
 - variance idem, page 944.
 - vie (with) idem, page 951.
 - wrangle idem, page 991.
 
 
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