कटु

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

কটু (Assamese script)
ᬓᬝᬸ (Balinese script)
কটু (Bengali script)
𑰎𑰘𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀓𑀝𑀼 (Brahmi script)
ကဋု (Burmese script)
કટુ (Gujarati script)
ਕਟੁ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌕𑌟𑍁 (Grantha script)
ꦏꦛꦸ (Javanese script)
𑂍𑂗𑂳 (Kaithi script)
ಕಟು (Kannada script)
កដុ (Khmer script)
ກຏຸ (Lao script)
കടു (Malayalam script)
ᡬᠠᢞᡠ (Manchu script)
𑘎𑘘𑘳 (Modi script)
ᢉᠠᢌᠤ (Mongolian script)
𑦮𑦸𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
𑐎𑐚𑐸 (Newa script)
କଟୁ (Odia script)
ꢒꢜꢸ (Saurashtra script)
𑆑𑆛𑆶 (Sharada script)
𑖎𑖘𑖲 (Siddham script)
කටු (Sinhalese script)
𑩜𑩦𑩒 (Soyombo script)
𑚊𑚔𑚰 (Takri script)
கடு (Tamil script)
కటు (Telugu script)
กฏุ (Thai script)
ཀ་ཊུ (Tibetan script)
𑒏𑒙𑒳 (Tirhuta script)
𑨋𑨔𑨃 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *kaṭu (“be pungent; sting”).[1][2] Compare Old Tamil 𑀓𑀝𑀼 (kaṭu).

Sanskrit grammarians tied it to the root कृत् (kṛt, “to cut”) but this is not accepted in modern scholarship. Compare Kamkata-viri kařó, këřó.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /kɐ.ʈú/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkɐ.ʈu/

Adjective

कटु • (kaṭú) stem

bitter, acrid
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

Descendants

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀟𑀼 (kaḍu)
⇒ Sanskrit: कटुक (káṭuka) (+ Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-))

Terms inherited from कटुक (káṭuka)

Pali: kaṭuka
Prakrit: 𑀓𑀟𑀼𑀅 (kaḍua)
- Central:
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Gurjar Apabhramsa:
      - Old Gujarati: कडूउं (kaḍūuṃ)
        Gojri: کوڑو (koṛo)
        Middle Gujarati: कडूउं, कडुय, कडुवय
        Gujarati: કડવું (kaḍvũ)
        Marwari:
        Devanagari script: कड़वौ (kaṛvau)
        Mahajani script: 𑅕𑅲𑅯𑅒 (kṛvu)
    - Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
      - Old Hindi: करवा (karavā)
        Hindustani: kaṛvā
        Hindi: कड़वा
        Urdu: کَڑْوَا (kaṛvā)
- Eastern:
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Old Bengali: কডুআ (kaḍuā), কডু (kaḍu)
      - Middle Bengali: কড়ুয়া (koṛuẏa)
        Bengali: কড়া (koṛa), কড়ুয়া (koṛuẏa)
    - Maithili: kaṛū
      Devanagari script: कड़ू
      
      Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒛𑓃𑒴
- Southern:
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀟𑀼𑀅 (kaḍua)
    - Konkani: koḍū
      Devanagari script: कोडू (koḍū)
      
      Kannada script: ಕೊಡೂ
      
      Latin script: kodum
    - Old Marathi:
      Devanagari script: कडू (kaḍū)
      
      Modi script: 𑘎𑘚𑘳 (kaḍu)
      Marathi: कडू (kaḍū)
- Western:
  - Paisaci Prakrit:
    - Takka Apabhramsa:
      - Old Punjabi: ਕਉੜਾ (kauṛā), ਕਊਰਾ (kaūrā), ਕਵਰਾ (kavarā), ਕੜੂਆ (kaṛūā)
        Punjabi: kauṛā
        Gurmukhi script: ਕੌੜਾ
        Shahmukhi script: کَوڑا
    - Vracada Apabhramsa:
      - Sindhi:
        Arabic script: ڪَوْڙو, ڪَڙو
        
        Devanagari script: कौड़ो, कड़ो
        
        Khudawadi script: 𑊺𑋨𑋊𑋧 (kauṛo), 𑊺𑋊𑋧 (kaṛo)

Learned borrowings from कटु (kaṭú)

→ Gujarati: કટુ (kaṭu) (learned)
→ Hindi: कटु (kaṭu) (learned)
→ Kannada: ಕಟು (kaṭu) (learned)
→ Marathi: कटू (kaṭū) (learned)
→ Odia: କଟୁ (kôṭu) (learned)

References

Southworth, Franklin (2005) Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia, Routledge, →ISBN, page 72
Burrow, T., Emeneau, M. B. (1984) “kaṭu”, in A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 1135.

कटु