سور
Arabic
    
    Etymology 1
    
Argued to be a loan from Aramaic שׂוּרָא / ܫܘܪܐ (šūrā), but other cognates such as Sabaean 𐩣𐩬𐩪𐩥𐩧𐩩 (mns¹wrt, “walls”) and Tigre ሶር (sor, “partition wall”) (unless that form is itself borrowed from Arabic) suggest that it may in fact be inherited.
Noun
    
سُور • (sūr) m (plural أَسْوَار (ʔaswār) or سِيرَان (sīrān))
- wall that encloses and protects a building
 
Declension
    
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | سُور sūr  | 
السُّور as-sūr  | 
سُور sūr  | 
| Nominative | سُورٌ sūrun  | 
السُّورُ as-sūru  | 
سُورُ sūru  | 
| Accusative | سُورًا sūran  | 
السُّورَ as-sūra  | 
سُورَ sūra  | 
| Genitive | سُورٍ sūrin  | 
السُّورِ as-sūri  | 
سُورِ sūri  | 
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct | 
| Informal | سُورَيْن sūrayn  | 
السُّورَيْن as-sūrayn  | 
سُورَيْ sūray  | 
| Nominative | سُورَانِ sūrāni  | 
السُّورَانِ as-sūrāni  | 
سُورَا sūrā  | 
| Accusative | سُورَيْنِ sūrayni  | 
السُّورَيْنِ as-sūrayni  | 
سُورَيْ sūray  | 
| Genitive | سُورَيْنِ sūrayni  | 
السُّورَيْنِ as-sūrayni  | 
سُورَيْ sūray  | 
| Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | أَسْوَار; سِيرَان ʔaswār; sīrān  | 
الْأَسْوَار; السِّيرَان al-ʔaswār; as-sīrān  | 
أَسْوَار; سِيرَان ʔaswār; sīrān  | 
| Nominative | أَسْوَارٌ; سِيرَانٌ ʔaswārun; sīrānun  | 
الْأَسْوَارُ; السِّيرَانُ al-ʔaswāru; as-sīrānu  | 
أَسْوَارُ; سِيرَانُ ʔaswāru; sīrānu  | 
| Accusative | أَسْوَارًا; سِيرَانًا ʔaswāran; sīrānan  | 
الْأَسْوَارَ; السِّيرَانَ al-ʔaswāra; as-sīrāna  | 
أَسْوَارَ; سِيرَانَ ʔaswāra; sīrāna  | 
| Genitive | أَسْوَارٍ; سِيرَانٍ ʔaswārin; sīrānin  | 
الْأَسْوَارِ; السِّيرَانِ al-ʔaswāri; as-sīrāni  | 
أَسْوَارِ; سِيرَانِ ʔaswāri; sīrāni  | 
References
    
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 237
 - Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 397
 - Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “سور”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen
 
Conjugation
    
| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر  | 
تَسْوِير taswīr  | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل  | 
مُسَوِّر musawwir  | |||||||||||
| passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول  | 
مُسَوَّر musawwar  | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم  | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد  | 
dual الْمُثَنَّى  | 
plural الْجَمْع  | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم  | 
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب  | 
3rd person الْغَائِب  | 
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب  | 
3rd person الْغَائِب  | 
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم  | 
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب  | 
3rd person الْغَائِب  | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي  | 
m | sawwartu  | 
sawwarta  | 
sawwara  | 
سَوَّرْتُمَا sawwartumā  | 
سَوَّرَا sawwarā  | 
sawwarnā  | 
سَوَّرْتُمْ sawwartum  | 
سَوَّرُوا sawwarū  | |||
| f | sawwarti  | 
sawwarat  | 
سَوَّرَتَا sawwaratā  | 
سَوَّرْتُنَّ sawwartunna  | 
sawwarna  | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع  | 
m | أُسَوِّرُ ʔusawwiru  | 
تُسَوِّرُ tusawwiru  | 
يُسَوِّرُ yusawwiru  | 
تُسَوِّرَانِ tusawwirāni  | 
يُسَوِّرَانِ yusawwirāni  | 
nusawwiru  | 
تُسَوِّرُونَ tusawwirūna  | 
يُسَوِّرُونَ yusawwirūna  | |||
| f | تُسَوِّرِينَ tusawwirīna  | 
تُسَوِّرُ tusawwiru  | 
تُسَوِّرَانِ tusawwirāni  | 
تُسَوِّرْنَ tusawwirna  | 
يُسَوِّرْنَ yusawwirna  | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب  | 
m | أُسَوِّرَ ʔusawwira  | 
تُسَوِّرَ tusawwira  | 
يُسَوِّرَ yusawwira  | 
تُسَوِّرَا tusawwirā  | 
يُسَوِّرَا yusawwirā  | 
nusawwira  | 
تُسَوِّرُوا tusawwirū  | 
يُسَوِّرُوا yusawwirū  | |||
| f | تُسَوِّرِي tusawwirī  | 
تُسَوِّرَ tusawwira  | 
تُسَوِّرَا tusawwirā  | 
تُسَوِّرْنَ tusawwirna  | 
يُسَوِّرْنَ yusawwirna  | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم  | 
m | أُسَوِّرْ ʔusawwir  | 
تُسَوِّرْ tusawwir  | 
يُسَوِّرْ yusawwir  | 
تُسَوِّرَا tusawwirā  | 
يُسَوِّرَا yusawwirā  | 
nusawwir  | 
تُسَوِّرُوا tusawwirū  | 
يُسَوِّرُوا yusawwirū  | |||
| f | تُسَوِّرِي tusawwirī  | 
تُسَوِّرْ tusawwir  | 
تُسَوِّرَا tusawwirā  | 
تُسَوِّرْنَ tusawwirna  | 
يُسَوِّرْنَ yusawwirna  | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر  | 
m | sawwir  | 
سَوِّرَا sawwirā  | 
سَوِّرُوا sawwirū  | 
||||||||
| f | sawwirī  | 
sawwirna  | ||||||||||
| passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول  | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد  | 
dual الْمُثَنَّى  | 
plural الْجَمْع  | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم  | 
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب  | 
3rd person الْغَائِب  | 
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب  | 
3rd person الْغَائِب  | 
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم  | 
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب  | 
3rd person الْغَائِب  | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي  | 
m | suwwirtu  | 
suwwirta  | 
suwwira  | 
سُوِّرْتُمَا suwwirtumā  | 
سُوِّرَا suwwirā  | 
suwwirnā  | 
سُوِّرْتُمْ suwwirtum  | 
سُوِّرُوا suwwirū  | |||
| f | suwwirti  | 
suwwirat  | 
سُوِّرَتَا suwwiratā  | 
سُوِّرْتُنَّ suwwirtunna  | 
suwwirna  | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع  | 
m | أُسَوَّرُ ʔusawwaru  | 
تُسَوَّرُ tusawwaru  | 
يُسَوَّرُ yusawwaru  | 
تُسَوَّرَانِ tusawwarāni  | 
يُسَوَّرَانِ yusawwarāni  | 
nusawwaru  | 
تُسَوَّرُونَ tusawwarūna  | 
يُسَوَّرُونَ yusawwarūna  | |||
| f | تُسَوَّرِينَ tusawwarīna  | 
تُسَوَّرُ tusawwaru  | 
تُسَوَّرَانِ tusawwarāni  | 
تُسَوَّرْنَ tusawwarna  | 
يُسَوَّرْنَ yusawwarna  | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب  | 
m | أُسَوَّرَ ʔusawwara  | 
تُسَوَّرَ tusawwara  | 
يُسَوَّرَ yusawwara  | 
تُسَوَّرَا tusawwarā  | 
يُسَوَّرَا yusawwarā  | 
nusawwara  | 
تُسَوَّرُوا tusawwarū  | 
يُسَوَّرُوا yusawwarū  | |||
| f | تُسَوَّرِي tusawwarī  | 
تُسَوَّرَ tusawwara  | 
تُسَوَّرَا tusawwarā  | 
تُسَوَّرْنَ tusawwarna  | 
يُسَوَّرْنَ yusawwarna  | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم  | 
m | أُسَوَّرْ ʔusawwar  | 
تُسَوَّرْ tusawwar  | 
يُسَوَّرْ yusawwar  | 
تُسَوَّرَا tusawwarā  | 
يُسَوَّرَا yusawwarā  | 
nusawwar  | 
تُسَوَّرُوا tusawwarū  | 
يُسَوَّرُوا yusawwarū  | |||
| f | تُسَوَّرِي tusawwarī  | 
تُسَوَّرْ tusawwar  | 
تُسَوَّرَا tusawwarā  | 
تُسَوَّرْنَ tusawwarna  | 
يُسَوَّرْنَ yusawwarna  | |||||||
Ottoman Turkish
    
    Etymology 1
    
Borrowed from Arabic سُور (sūr, “wall”), argued to be a loan from Aramaic שׂוּרָא (šūrā, “wall, fortification”).
Descendants
    
- Turkish: sur
 
Further reading
    
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “sur2”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4358
 - Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “sûr”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 1155
 - Kélékian, Diran (1911) “سور”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, Constantinople: Mihran, page 697
 - Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Murus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum, Vienna, column 1106
 - Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “سور”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum, Vienna, column 2702
 - Redhouse, James W. (1890) “سور”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1088
 
Etymology 2
    
Borrowed from Persian سور (sur, “nuptials”), from Old Persian *θūryas (“banquet, feast”).
Noun
    
سور • (sur)
Descendants
    
- Turkish: sur
 
Further reading
    
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “sur3”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4358
 - Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “sûr”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 1155
 - Kélékian, Diran (1911) “سور”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, Constantinople: Mihran, page 697
 - Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Nuptiæ”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum, Vienna, column 1162
 - Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “سور”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum, Vienna, column 2702
 - Redhouse, James W. (1890) “سور”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1088
 
Pashto
    
    Etymology
    
From Proto-Iranian *cuxráh.
Pronunciation
    
- IPA(key): /sur/
 
Adjective
    
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سور • (sur)
Declension
    
Persian
    
    Etymology
    
From Old Persian *θūryas (“banquet, feast”), from Proto-Iranian *cuHryás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćuHryás, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewH- (“to shine”), see also Sanskrit श्वस् (śvas, “tomorrow”).[1][2] Related to Northern Kurdish sor (“red”).
References
    
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “سور”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
 
- Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. (1861). India: Bishop's College Press, p. 341
 - de Vaan, Michiel (2003) Beekes, R.S.P., Lubotsky, A., Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
 
Punjabi
    
    Etymology
    
Inherited from Prakrit सूअर (sūara), from Sanskrit सूकर (sūkara). Compare Urdu سؤر (sū'ar).
Pronunciation
    
- IPA(key): /suː.ɾᵊ/
 - Rhymes: -uː.ɾᵊ
 
References
    
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “sūkará”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 780
 - “سور”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2024
 
Southeast Pashayi
    
    
Pronunciation
    
IPA(key): [sʊr]
Further reading
    
- Abd-El-Malek Lamuwal, Adam Baker (2013) “Southeastern Pashayi”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association, volume 43, Cambridge: International Phonetic Association, pages 243-246
 - Richard F. Strand (2011) Degânʹo Lexicon
 
